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Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a relatively uncommon disease caused by blood-borne infection with bacteria. TSS was identified secondary to an epidemic of reported serious bacterial infections in women who used a particular type of tampon in the early 1980's. Toxic shock syndrome usually affects menstruating females under the age of 30. In rare cases, men, children, and the elderly may still contract this serious bacterial infection. The bacteria responsible for TSS (staphylococcus) are commonly found in the nose, vagina, and mouth. If the bacteria invade the bloodstream (a condition known as sepsis) they can produce a toxin (poison) which can have widespread destructive effects on body organs and result in fatality. A particular type of tampon (no longer on the market) was implicated in increasing the likelihood of TSS.
Common symptoms of TSS include fever, chills, vomiting, sore throat, headache, and decreased urine output. Progression of the disease will result in an abrupt lowering of blood pressure (shock) leading to kidney failure. A red, peeling rash may form on the palms and the soles of the feet. Evaluation will include history and physical examination. IMMEDIATE removal of the tampon is necessary. Blood tests (i.e. blood counts, blood cultures, and kidney profile) will be performed. Staphylococcus will be noted in blood cultures (incubated blood). Treatment will include hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and blood pressure support [often with special medications]. Mortality for advanced cases can be as high as 60% .
REMEMBER
1. The tampons thought to be responsible for the epidemic of TSS cases have been taken off the market.
2. Women who have had TSS before SHOULD NOT use any tampons (use pads).
3. Women who use tampons, should CHANGE THEM OFTEN. Alternate between tampons and pads.
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