|
Measles or Rubeola
This once very common childhood infection is now reported only sporadically in the United States. It is endemic through much of the world. The development of an effective vaccine (MMR) and its wide spread use has made this serious childhood disease relatively rare in the United States. Measles is a viral infection, like other classic childhood illnesses, which cause many similar symptoms. Measles can now be seen in adolescents who were never vaccinated at an early age. A recent resurgence of measles in the early 90's lead to a significant number of deaths from the measles virus. In 1990, local and state health departments reported a provisional total of 27,672 measles cases in the United States, a 52.1% increase over cases reported in 1989. A provisional total of 89 measles associated deaths were reported in 1990. In 1991 the trend started to reverse, with 9,643 total cases reported. The total for 1992 is down to 2,200 total cases, likely secondary to the increased use of the MMR vaccine. The increase in measles cases has been attributed to an inadequate vaccination history in a significant number of our nation's infants. The measles vaccination should be given at about 15 months of age [before the second birthday] and is given as a mixed vaccination, combined with mumps and rubella (German measles) vaccines. This is known as the MMR. Current recommendations include a second measles vaccination for those born after 1956. This "booster shot" is thought to enhance the patient's immunity to measles Common symptoms of measles include: low grade fever, slight dry cough, pinkeye (conjunctivitis), and "cold" symptoms early in the disease. Tiny white spots lining the inside of the cheeks may be seen. Within 2-3 days a rash will appear on the face; at the same time the fever will increase to 104-105 degrees Fahrenheit (40.5 Celsius). In the majority of cases, the illness will be severe for 1-2 days and then gradually subside. Treatment includes: bed rest, plenty of fluids, and fever control. Humidification, with a cool mist nebulizer or vaporizer will help with the cough and hoarse voice (see local pharmacy). Normally, the infection lasts for 10 days to 2 weeks. Complications of measles include viral pneumonia (increasing cough and shortness of breath) and encephalitis (increasing confusion or lethargy).
|
