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Encephalitis
Encephalitis refers to inflammation of the brain that occurs secondary to infections with bacteria or a virus. Bacterial encephalitis is a much more serious illness than encephalitis secondary to a viral infection. Common symptoms include: confusion (abnormal changes in behavior), fever, headache, muscle aches, along with a stiff and painful neck (unable to look "down" at your chest). These same symptoms may also result from a related illness known as meningitis. This can lead to encephalitis if left untreated. Confusion progressing to coma (unconsciousness) is the hallmark of encephalitis. Evaluation of these patients will include a spinal tap. This procedure produces a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis. This normally sterile fluid bathes the brain and spinal cord. If meningitis or encephalitis are present, the fluid will show signs of infection when studied under a microscope. The presence of white blood cells or bacteria will be apparent. A cerebrospinal fluid specimen can also be cultured, allowing positive identification of the infecting agent. Blood studies (chemistry, blood counts, and blood cultures) and urinalysis will also be an element of the lab evaluation. Treatment is based on the type of infection: bacterial or viral. Bacterial infections require hospitalization and high doses of IV antibiotics. Viral encephalitis requires no specific treatment, but will often necessitate admission to the hospital for observation and general supportive care. Patients at risk for AIDS can develop more SERIOUS forms of encephalitis.
NOTE
Epidemics of viral encephalitis are not uncommon. In central Florida (1990) St. Louis encephalitis (virus) claimed the lives of 10 patients, predominantly in the elderly population. The spread of this virus was determined to be via the bites of infected mosquitoes.
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